Rafael • February 19, 2025

【DSE ECON】Balance of Payment (BOP)速成

還傻傻分不清Change in Reserve 同Change in Reserve Asset?

1. BOP紀錄一個經濟體向內向外資金流動,同GDP有所不同,能紀錄於BOP的項目是不必然由本地RPU當期生產,只要涉經濟體內外資金流,便需錄入BOP


2. BOP分Current Account 及Capital & Financial Expenditure Account,它們的內容分列如下:


CURRENT ACCOUNT

a. Visible Trade

由Export of Good 減Import of Good


b. Invisible Trade

由Export of Service減Import of Service


c. Net Current Transfer

由海外流進資金減向海外流出資金 (如:海外匯款)


d. Net Income from aboard (NIFA)

這個正是由GDP換算GNP時要加的那個NIFA

意即income earned overseas by residents - income earned domestically by foreigners (DSE 考試經常見到的本地居民投資海外公司的股息收入,需放這裡加)


CAPITAL & FINANCIAL EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT (這部分DSE不考分項,只供參考)


e. Direct Investment 

當期流入作直接投資資金-當期流出作直接投資資金 (如:港商於杭州投資AI 基建)



f. Investment on financial derivatives

當期流入投資於金融產品(股票、債券、衍生工具等)的資金 - 當期流出投資於金融產品的資金 


g. Investment on Patents & Copyright

當期流入投資於無形資產的資金減當期流出投資於無形資產的資金 


**h. Change in Reserve

如遇BOP Surplus,意即流入我們經濟體的資金多於流出,外國人需向港府(由Monetary Authority處理)以外幣或等值東西兌換港幣,變相為港府投資海外資產,視為流出


如遇BOP Deficit,意即流入我們經濟體的資金少於流出,本地居民需以港幣或等值資產向外國政府換取外幣,視作外國政府投資本地資產,視為流入


所以只要題目講明BOP 包含Change in Reserve,BOP便一定balance


3. 所以一般而言,Change in Reserve 同BOP status係呈反比,BOP Surplus 個Change in Reserve就見負;BOP Deficit個Change in Reserve 就正數


4. 呢個時候考局就同您玩Change in Reserve Asset,多咗Asset呢隻字,個畫面就完全唔同,佢並唔係BOP上嘅item,而係真係講緊政府外匯儲備資產嘅多寡,如前所述於BOP Surplus Case,政府用港幣換外國資產返嚟,所以儲備資產係多咗,所以Reserve Asset同BOP Status係呈正比,呢點係考局樂此不疲玩好多年都仲玩緊,而同學仔學極唔識嘅地方…


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